Cardiovascular Research
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The cardiovascular system is a network of blood vessels in the body's systemic circulation. The cardiovascular system is critical for nutrient delivery, oxygen transport, and waste removal. The cardiovascular system forms and develops from embryogenesis, adapting and remodeling over time, such as wound healing, pregnancy, and disease that affect vascular networks and structures.
Cardiovascular Diseases
Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD) is a class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels. CVD includes coronary heart disease (CHD), such as angina pectoris and myocardial infarction. Other cardiovascular diseases include stroke, heart failure, hypertensive heart disease, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, congenital heart disease, model heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, etc. The pathogenesis of CVD varies by species, and dietary risk factors are statistically associated with 53% of CVD deaths. CAD and stroke involve atherosclerosis, which can be caused by high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, physical inactivity, obesity, high blood cholesterol, poor diet, excessive alcohol consumption, and lack of sleep.
Fig.1 Cardiovascular diseases and their risk factors.1,2
- Coronary Heart Disease
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is a series of clinical diseases caused by atherosclerosis leading to stenosis of the coronary lumen and insufficient blood supply to the myocardium, including angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, heart failure, arrhythmia and sudden death. The cause of coronary heart disease depends on the type. Coronary artery disease is often caused by cholesterol. This waxy substance forms plaque in the lining of the coronary arteries. This buildup can partially or completely block blood flow in the heart's aorta. Coronary microvascular disease occurs when the tiny blood vessels of the heart do not work correctly. For most people, the coronary heart disease can be prevented with a heart-healthy lifestyle.
- Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) describes a weakening and dilatation of the abdominal aorta, most commonly affecting the infrarenal part. AAA is usually asymptomatic unless complications occur. Therefore, frequently diagnosed during imaging performed to investigate unrelated abdominal symptoms or by ultrasonography screening programs for AAA that are run in some parts of the developed world.
The Most commonly used definition of AAA is a maximum infrarenal abdominal aortic diameter larger than 30mm on ultrasonography or CT imaging. However, other definitions have been suggested, such as those based on normalizing aortic diameter to body surface area.
Fig.2 Abdominal aortic aneurysm formation and its risk factors.3,4
- High Blood Pressure
High Blood Pressure (BP) is one of the most important risk factors for morbidity and mortality. Many reports have identified high BP as the best example of a surrogate measure for cardiovascular disease, especially for stroke. A recent report from the Global Burden of Disease Study ranked high BP as the most important risk factor among 67 risk factors studied for worldwide mortality and disability-adjusted life years during 2010. Nonpharmacologic treatments, especially dietary sodium reduction, have been utilized for hypertension since the early 1900s.
Membrane Proteins in Cardiovascular Diseases
- Cardiac voltage gated calcium channels (VGCCs)
Two types of VGCCs are expressed on the sarcolemma of cardiomyocytes-LTCCs (L-type calcium channels) and T-type voltage-gated calcium channels (TTCCs). They are distinguished based on their gating properties and their differential sensitivity to pharmacological agents. LTCCs express throughout the lifespan and have a main role in maintaining the plateau phase of the action potential by allowing calcium influx for EC-coupling in the heart. On the other hand, the functional roles of TTCCs are diverse depending on the mammalian species, heart region, age, and various cardio pathology.
References
- Tabassum, Rubina, and Samuli Ripatti. "Integrating lipidomics and genomics: emerging tools to understand cardiovascular diseases." Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 78 (2021): 2565-2584.
- Image retrieved from Figure 1 " Cardiovascular diseases and their risk factors. CVDs encompass a broad range of disorders affecting the heart, brain and blood vessels." Tabassum, et al. 2021, used under CC BY 4.0. The original image was modified by extracting and the title was changed to " Effects of VEGF on immune cells.".
- Qian, Guoqing, et al. "Abdominal aortic aneurysm formation with a focus on vascular smooth muscle cells." Life 12.2 (2022): 191.
- Image retrieved from Figure 1 " Abdominal aortic aneurysm formation and its risk factors." Qian, et al. 2022, used under CC BY 4.0. The original image was modified by extracting and the title was changed to " Abdominal aortic aneurysm formation and its risk factors.".
