HLA Drug Discovery Assays and Products
The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) is the encoded product of the HLA gene complex which is located on the short arm of chromosome 6. The human genome's most polymorphic genetic area, the HLA genes, is what causes the expression of HLA molecules to vary so widely, resulting in a wide range of peptides. The form and electrochemistry of the peptide-binding groove are mostly influenced by the HLA polymorphisms, which in turn control the variety of peptides that can bind to a particular HLA molecule. Varied populations and ethnic groups have dramatically different prevalence rates for particular HLA alleles.
To meet the needs of our global customers, Creative Biolabs provides high-quality and innovative HLA-related products:
HLA Molecular Biology
The coding gene locus, function, tissue distribution, and biochemistry of the HLA antigens are used to divide them into two clusters, class I and class II. The HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C subtypes of class I HLA are ubiquitously expressed in the majority of nucleated cells, but they are also present in platelets and immature red blood cells. Class II HLA, which includes the HLA-DP, HLA-DQ, and HLA-DR, are primarily expressed on professional antigen-presenting cells, endothelial cells, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, Langerhans cells, and activated T cells. However, most cells, including T cells and endothelial cells, can express class II HLA when there is inflammation. By presenting a complex made of a self-HLA molecule and the bound nonself peptide or small molecule for recognition of clonally generated "TCR," HLA molecules play a significant physiologic role in controlling the activity of the immune system. Cytotoxic CD8(+)T cells receive antigens from class I molecules, whereas helper CD4(+)T lymphocytes receive antigens from class II molecules.
Fig.1 HLA is located on chromosome 6 and structure of HLA class I and class II molecules. (Kloypan, 2021)
HLA-Associated Drug Hypersensitivity
A fascinating new chapter in the study of drug hypersensitivity has been opened by the recent discovery of substantial HLA correlations with drug hypersensitivity since it offers a novel model for studying drug hypersensitivity. The complicated relationships between medicines and HLA molecules, peptides, and TCR are starting to be understood, despite the paucity of in vitro evidence to yet. Further research will be required to fully understand the intricacy of allopurinol-induced SCAR, including its wide range of clinical symptoms, in the context of other pertinent risk factors including viral infection. These presently unpredictable effects will become more predictable and prevented as research on this puzzling topic continues.
Fig.2 Possible mechanisms involved in allopurinol recognition by T cells. (Yun, 2012)
References
- Kloypan, C.; et al. A comprehensive review of HLA and severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions: implication for clinical pharmacogenomics and precision medicine. Pharmaceuticals. 2021, 14(11): 1077.
- Yun, J.; et al. Human leukocyte antigens (HLA) associated drug hypersensitivity: consequences of drug binding to HLA. Allergy. 2012, 67(11): 1338-1346.
