Discover MP Targets
Membrane proteins are the main class of therapeutic targets for pharmaceuticals and perform important physiological roles in vivo. The study of membrane proteins is important to the development of new drugs. The biological process is a cyclic network, and the membrane protein serves as a key node in the network since most medications interact with the membrane protein to provide their therapeutic effects.
Fig.1 Membrane proteins. (Creative Biolabs)
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Due to the fact that GPCRs are the major surface receptors for the conveyance of signal and minimal material, they have been the staple biological target for pharmacological therapy. 34% of the medications approved by the US FDA, or 475 pharmaceuticals, act on GPCRs. Numerous GPCRs are important therapeutic targets for a wide range of human diseases, including cancer, metabolic disorders, and monogenic diseases. These diseases include cardiac, central nervous system, and inflammatory disorders.
Ion channels, which act as a pore for ions like calcium, sodium, and potassium to pass through, are implanted in the membrane. Exogenous and endogenous ligands acting on ion channels control a wide range of cellular processes, for instance, therapeutic molecules bind to ion channels to treat disease. Additionally, several researchers have shown that ion channels are highly interesting candidates for medical research and drug development. Ion channels are more than 13% of drug targets in 7.9% of ligand-gated and 5.5% of voltage-gated ion channels, demonstrating their importance as drug targets and key players in the drug development process.
Nuclear receptors are a set of proteins that are in charge of detecting different compounds, such as vitamins, thyroid hormones, steroids, and others. These receptors collaborate with other proteins to govern the expression of particular genes, which in turn regulates the organism's growth, homeostasis, and metabolism.
Transporters, which are a type of membrane proteins, are found in biological membranes and are used to passively move ions, chemicals, or even proteins into or out of cells. Transporters are intricate pumps and channel networks that traverse the cellular membrane.
Kinases are enzymes that catalyze the transfer of phosphate groups from highly energetic, phosphate-donating substances to specific substrates. The function that kinases play in metabolism, cell signaling, protein regulation, cellular transport, secretory activities, and numerous other cellular processes demonstrates the significance of kinases to human physiology.
Fc receptors are proteins that are present on the surface of some cells that help the immune system's defense mechanisms. Fc receptors bind to antibodies that are bound to pathogens or infected cells. Their activity induces the destruction of microorganisms or infected cells by phagocytic or cytotoxic cells via antibody-mediated phagocytosis or antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity.
Microbiology's subfield of virology focuses on viruses' identification, structure, classification, and evolution, as well as their modes of infection and use of host cells for reproduction, interactions with the physiology and immunity of the host organism, diseases they cause, methods for isolating and cultivating them, and their applications in research and therapy.
Immune checkpoints are regulators of the immune system. These pathways are crucial for self-tolerance, which prevents the immune system from attacking cells indiscriminately. Some cancers can protect themselves from attack by stimulating immune checkpoint targets.
The cluster of differentiation is a protein for locating and analyzing cell surface chemicals that serve as targets for cell immunophenotyping.
An area of medicine known as oncology studies, treats, diagnoses, and prevents cancer. An oncologist is a doctor who specializes in oncology.
The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system or complex, a collection of genes on human chromosome 6, codes for cell-surface proteins that regulate the immune system. In addition to being present in a wide range of animals, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is also known as the MHC in humans.
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