VIP/PACAP Family Related Drug Discovery Products
Creative Biolabs has the assays you can rely on for high throughput screening, lead optimization, characterizing and discovering targets, and uncovering the complexity of disease pathways. We can offer membrane protein in vitro assay kits that save valuable laboratory time and is ideal for high throughput screening.
Membrane protein stable cell lines are widely used in many areas of biomedical research. Creative Biolabs can offer membrane protein stable cell lines to stablish in vitro models for High Throughput Screening.
Creative Biolabs offers high-quality, innovative tools to help research groups accelerate membrane protein drug discovery. They can be found by targets. If there is no product that meets your needs, please contact us.
Neuropeptides like Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) and Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Peptide (PACAP) are engaged in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. Within both the central (CNS) and peripheral nervous systems, VIP is widely expressed in a variety of cell types. VIP functions as a vasodilator, relaxing vascular and non-vascular smooth muscle through co-transmission with nitric oxide and carbon monoxide. VIP centrally promotes neuronal survival and controls glycogen metabolism in astrocytes. Peripherally, VIP functions as a vasodilator, leading to non-adrenergic and non-cholinergic relaxation of vascular and non-vascular smooth muscle. Widespreadly expressed, PACAP participates in a variety of peripherally and centrally mediated physiological processes. Two isoforms of PACAP, PACAP38 and PACAP27, were produced by proteolysis of the same precursor protein in the body.
Fig.1. VIP/PACAP ligand/receptor interactions. (Waschek, 2013)
As the undisputed global leader in membrane protein drug discovery, Creative Biolabs provides VIP/PACAP related tools while at the most competitive price:
Overview of VIP/PACAP Family
- PACAP receptor
The PAC1R is an appealing target for nervous system disorders such as migraine, secondary injury in traumatic brain injury, and post-traumatic stress disorder because it is involved in the regulation of pleiotropic neurological functions such as promoting neural survival and synaptic plasticity, nociceptive pain, and regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axial stress response. The trigeminal-autonomic system has areas where the PAC1R is expressed that are linked to migraine. The pathogenesis of migraine is influenced by PAC1R activation, which also causes neurogenic dural vasodilation and mediates intracranial nociceptive stimulation of the central trigeminalvascular neurons. Involvement of PACAP/PAC1R signaling in the body's stress response. In the limbic and hypothalamic portions of the brain, stress-related brain areas are significantly expressed by PACAP and PAC1R. Women's PACAP serum levels and PTSD symptoms are closely connected.
Fig.2. The PAC1 receptor signaling cascade. (Shen, 2013)
- VIP receptor
VPAC receptors are desirable targets for inflammatory and immunological disorders. T-lymphocytes and macrophages in the immune system express VPAC1Rs constitutively, or in the case of VPAC2Rs, after induction. Through the control of numerous inflammatory mediators in immune cells, the VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors are crucial in maintaining the equilibrium of pro- and anti-inflammatory responses during homeostatic states. These receptors can facilitate anti-inflammatory outcomes during pathological inflammatory states by blocking proinflammatory Th1 and Th17 responses and promoting Th2 and Treg responses. In order to treat chronic inflammatory disorders like Crohn's, Sjogren's syndrome, COPD, autoimmune encephalitis, and rheumatoid arthritis, there is a lot of interest in targeting these receptors.
VIP/PACAP Family Drug Discovery
Preganglionic neurons' PACAP could cause postsynaptic neurons to release VIP or PACAP, which could then operate directly or indirectly on immune cells in peripheral lymphoid organs like the thymus and lymph nodes. Given that the majority of immune cells have VIP and PACAP receptors, it is possible that presynaptic PACAP has effects independent of its effects on NA release and/or activity via mediating postsynaptic release of VIP and/or PACAP in the target organ. As an alternative, PACAP may also be found in other pertinent sources, such as T cells, as was previously mentioned. It will be important to do additional research using cell-specific gene targeting and other techniques to investigate different facets of this paradigm.
References
- Waschek, J.A. VIP and PACAP: neuropeptide modulators of CNS inflammation, injury, and repair. British journal of pharmacology. 2013, 169(3): 512-523.
- Shen, S.; et al. PACAP and PAC1 receptor in brain development and behavior. Neuropeptides. 2013, 47(6): 421-430.
