Trace Amine-Associated GPCR Assays
Background of Trace Amine-Associated Receptors
Trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs) are olfactory receptors in vertebrates. Similar to odorant receptors, TAARs are a constantly changing sensory subsystem; certain TAARs are specific to chemicals, while others elicit certain behaviors that are stereotyped. The mouse odor trimethylamine, the predator odor 2-phenylethylamine, and the death-associated odor cadaverine are among the volatile amines that many TAARs modulate attraction. There are 15 full-length TAARs in the mouse (mTAARs), 17 in the rat (rTAARs), 6 in the macaque (macTAARs), and 6 in the human (hTAARs) species. The TAAR repertoire differs with the species.
Fig.1. The mammalian TAAR phylogeny.1
Distributions and Functions of Trace Amine-Associated Receptors
Studies on rodents, primates, and fish have shown that all TAARs—aside from TAAR1—function as olfactory receptors. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) investigation shows that TAAR expression is strongly concentrated in the olfactory system and is either negligible or absent in other tissues analyzed. TAARs exhibit two distinctive features of OR expression in the nose: dispersion within a spatial zone and restriction to sparse sensory neurons. The vomeronasal organ does not express TAARs, but the newborn Grueneberg ganglion does.
Mechanisms of Trace Amine-Associated Receptors
| Receptor | Gene | Mechanism | Agonists | Antagonists |
| Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1 | TAAR1 |
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| Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 2 | TAAR2 |
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| Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 5 | TAAR5 |
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| Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 6 | TAAR6 |
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| Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 8 | TAAR8 |
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| Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 9 | TAAR9 |
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Assay List of Trace Amine-Associated Receptor
Creative Biolabs can provide a range of assays of trace amine-associated receptors. You can choose the assay in the list or contact us for more information:
| Assay No. | Assay Name | Host Cell | Assay Type | Datasheet |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| cAMP Assay | ||||
| S01YF-1122-KX969 | Magic™ Rhesus macaque TAAR1 In Vitro cAMP Assay | CHO-K1 | cAMP Assay | |
Published Data
| Paper Title | Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1 Modulates Dopaminergic Activity |
| Journal | Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics March |
| Published | 2008 |
| Abstract | It is now possible to separate the effects of trace amines on the dopamine transporter from receptor-mediated effects thanks to the discovery of the trace amine-associated receptor (TAAR)1. In order to distinguish the two effects on a physiological level, a mouse strain lacking Taar1 was created. It has been discovered that Taar1 knockout mice exhibit higher amphetamine sensitivity. Taar1 knockout and wild-type mice exhibited comparable locomotion and extracellular striatal dopamine levels in baseline circumstances. Taar1 knock-out mice's ventral tegmental region showed an increased spontaneous firing rate of dopaminergic neurons, according to electrophysiological recordings. |
| Result |
Behavioral and neurochemical findings indicate that the Taar1 knockout exhibits hypersensitivity to the psychostimulant d-amphetamine. When compared to wild-type sibling mice, Taar1-/- animals exhibited significantly more hyperlocomotion in response to a single amphetamine challenge, reaching its peak 45 minutes after injection. According to in vivo microdialysis, the Taar1-/- mice exhibited a maximum amount of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin released in response to amphetamine treatment, about 2.5 times more than the Taar1+/+ animals. This maximum was observed 30 minutes after the amphetamine was applied. Any significant bias resulting from a possible baseline phenotype of the deletion may be ruled out for these results.
Fig.2. Locomotor activity of Taar1-/- and Taar1+/+ mice after a single applicati |
on of 1 mg/kg d-amphetamine i.p. (a) and 2.5 mg/kg d-amphetamine i.p. (b).2
References
- Liberles, Stephen D. "Trace amine-associated receptors: ligands, neural circuits, and behaviors." Current opinion in neurobiology 34 (2015): 1-7.
- Lindemann, Lothar, et al. "Trace amine-associated receptor 1 modulates dopaminergic activity." Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 324.3 (2008): 948-956.
